Joseph Banks, a prominent figure in exploration and science, was initially slated to join Captain Cook’s second global voyage. The ambitious expedition aimed to circumnavigate the southernmost reaches of the globe, seeking evidence of a vast southern continent. However, a clash with the admiralty over living arrangements and scientific necessities led Banks to withdraw and instead, finance his own independent venture.
Fueled by London’s burgeoning fascination with volcanology, Banks set his sights on Iceland’s volcanic landscapes. He chartered the Sir Lawrence, assembled a crew of twelve, and gathered a team including artists John Cleveley Jr., James Miller, and John Frederick Miller. On July 12, 1772, the very day Cook embarked on his second voyage, Banks and his team departed for Iceland.
The expedition’s primary objective was the ascent and observation of Hekla, Iceland’s renowned volcano, alongside the study of its geothermal hot springs. Over six weeks, Banks and his company meticulously documented Iceland’s geology, flora, and fauna, amassing hundreds of illustrations and specimens. They also collected Icelandic manuscripts, further enriching their understanding of the region.
Upon their return to England, Joseph Banks emerged as Britain’s leading authority on Iceland. While this Icelandic journey marked his final field expedition, Banks transitioned to a settled life in London, which paradoxically amplified his influence on British exploration, scientific progress, and state affairs. His London residence became a hub, housing an extensive library and herbarium in Soho Square, solidifying his position as a pivotal figure in British intellectual life.
